Aminet 6/Aminet 6 - June 1995.iso/Aminet/docs/misc/wfbook93_texi.lha/texi/127.data

Text File | 1995-03-27 | 10.8 KB | 376 lines

@node Geography (Kazakhstan)
@section Geography (Kazakhstan)

@display

Location:
  South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and
  the Aral Sea
Map references:
  Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard
  Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  2,717,300 km2
 land area:
  2,669,800 km2
 comparative area:
  slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,
  Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline:
  0 km
 note:
  Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims:
  landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with
  Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be
  determined
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  continental, arid and semiarid
Terrain:
  extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western
  Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia
Natural resources:
  petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,
  molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron
Land use:
 arable land:
  15%
 permanent crops:   0%
 meadows and pastures:
  57%
 forest and woodland:
  4%
 other:
  24%
Irrigated land:
  23,080 km2 (1990)
Environment:
  drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical
  pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution
Note:
  landlocked



@end display

@node People (Kazakhstan)
@section People (Kazakhstan)

@display

Population:
  17,156,370 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
  0.65% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  -5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  67.83 years
 male:
  63.17 years
 female:
  72.73 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Kazakhstani(s)
 adjective:
  Kazakhstani
Ethnic divisions:
  Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%,
  Tatar 2%, other 7.1%
Religions:
  Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36%
Languages:
  Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic
  communication)
Literacy:
  age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
 total population:   100%
 male:
  100%
 female:
  100%
Labor force:
  7.563 million
 by occupation:
  industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45%
  (1990)



@end display

@node Government (Kazakhstan)
@section Government (Kazakhstan)

@display

Names:
 conventional long form:
  Republic of Kazakhstan
 conventional short form:
  Kazakhstan
 local long form:
  Kazakhstan Respublikasy
 local short form:
  none
 former:
  Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
  KZ
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Almaty (Alma-Ata)
Administrative divisions:
  19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular -
  qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,,   Mangghystau,
Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar,
  Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay,
  Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan,
Independence:
  16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Constitution:
  adopted 18 January 1993
Legal system:
  based on civil law system
National holiday:
  Independence Day, 16 December
Political parties and leaders:
  Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;
  Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV,
  chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman;
  Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman
Other political or pressure groups:
  Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade
  union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president
Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal
Elections:
 President:
  last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by
  party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed
 Supreme Council:
  last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -
  percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338
Executive branch:
  president, cabinet of ministers, prime minister
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Supreme Soviet
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court
Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik
  ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)



@end display

@node Government (Kazakhstan 2. usage)
@section Government (Kazakhstan 2. usage)

@display

 Head of Government:
  Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime
  Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman
  Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991)
Member of:
  CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU
Diplomatic representation in US:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE
 chancery:
  3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007
 telephone:
  [phone]
US diplomatic representation:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador William H. COURTNEY
 embassy:
  Furumanova 99/97, Almaty
 mailing address:
  US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030
 telephone:
  [phone]
Flag:
  sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays
  soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a
  "national ornamentation" in yellow



@end display

@node Economy (Kazakhstan)
@section Economy (Kazakhstan)

@display

Overview:
  The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has
  vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent
  on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer
  and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution
  problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The
  government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed
  many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the
  ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the
  disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new
  economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and
  managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been
  enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example,
  oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across
  independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic
  Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million
  Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility
  of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the
  formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the
  creation of a productive, technologically advancing society.
National product:
  GDP $NA
National product real growth rate:
  -15% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  28% per month (first quarter 1993)
Unemployment rate:
  0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of
  underemployed workers
Budget:
  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76
  billion (1991)
Exports:
  $1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)
 commodities:
  oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991)
 partners:
  Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports:
  $500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)
 commodities:
  machinery and parts, industrial materials
 partners:
  Russia and other former Soviet republics, China
External debt:
  $2.6 billion (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
  growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material product
Electricity:
  19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita
  (1992)
Industries:
  extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
  copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and
  steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric
  motors, construction materials



@end display

@node Economy (Kazakhstan 2. usage)
@section Economy (Kazakhstan 2. usage)

@display

Agriculture:
  accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the
  labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool
Illicit drugs:
  illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited
  government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit
  drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
  recipient of limited foreign aid (1992)
Currency:
  retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993)
Exchange rates:
  rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations
Fiscal year:
  calendar year



@end display

@node Communications (Kazakhstan)
@section Communications (Kazakhstan)

@display

Railroads:
  14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
  189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km
  earth (1990)
Inland waterways:
  Syr Darya
Pipelines:
  crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992)
Ports:
  inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea)
Airports:
 total:
  365
 useable:
  152
 with permanent-surface runways:
  49
 with runways over 3,659 m:
  8
 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  38
 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  71
Telecommunications:
  telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100
  persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has
  184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China
  carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and
  through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow
  international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita
  (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with
  Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width



@end display

@node Defense Forces (Kazakhstan)
@section Defense Forces (Kazakhstan)

@display

Branches:
  Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach
  military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of
  the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could
  produce misleading results



@end display